轻量级Web框架Flask(二)
Flask-SQLAlchemy
MySQL是免费开源软件,大家可以自行搜索其官网(https://www.MySQL.com/downloads/)
测试MySQL是否安装成功
在所有程序中,找到MySQL→MySQL Server 5.6下面的命令行工具,然后单击输入密码后回车,就可以知道MySQL数据库是否链接成功。
右击桌面上的“计算机”,在弹出的快捷键菜单中选择“属性”|“高级系统设置”|“环境变量”,在path里面添加MySQL bin目录的路径。选择环境变量,在环境变量中的path路径下输入你的MySQL路径就行了。默认安装的路径是C:\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\bin
安装flask-sqlalchemy,安装不了就更换豆瓣源
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
对象-关系映射实质
class Lib_card(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'lib_card' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, comment='id号') card_id = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False, comment = '借书证') book_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('book.id')) books = db.relationship('Book', backref=db.backref('cards'),uselist=False)
在Flask-SQLAlchemy中,插入、修改、删除操作均由数据库会话管理
需要一个配置config.py
USERNAME= 'root' #设置登录账号 PASSWORD= '930103' #设置登录密码 HOST= '127.0.0.1' #设置主机地址 PORT= '3306' #设置端口号 DATABASE= 'demo1' #设置访问的数据库 SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI= f'mysql+pymysql://{USERNAME}:{PASSWORD}@{HOST}:{PORT}/{DATABASE}'#创建数据库连接示例 #动态追踪修改设置,如未设置只会提示警告 SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False #查询时会显示原始SQL语句 SQLALCHEMY_ECHO= True
实例
from datetime import datetime from flask import Flask #导入Flask模块 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy #导入SQLAlchemy模块 import config #导入配置文件 app= Flask(__name__) #Flask初始化 app.config.from_object(config) #配置文件实例化 #初始化一个对象 db=SQLAlchemy(app) class Book(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'book' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key = True,comment='id号') title = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False,comment='书名') publishing_office = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False,comment='出版社') isbn = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False, comment='isbn号') storage_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.now(), comment='入库时间') class Lib_card(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'lib_card' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, comment='id号') card_id = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False, comment = '借书证') book_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('book.id')) books = db.relationship('Book', backref=db.backref('cards'),uselist=False) with app.app_context(): #测试数据库连接是否成功 db.create_all() #创建数据库 # book1= Book(id=9,title='智能导论', publishing_office='高等教育出版社',isbn='9787040479844') # db.session.add(book1) # db.session.commit() # result = Book.query.filter(Book.id == 9).first() # print(result.title) # agine = Book.query.filter(Book.title == result.title).all() # for i in agine: # print(i.id) # db.session.delete(result) # db.session.commit() # card1=Lib_card(card_id='18001', book_id='8') # card2=Lib_card(card_id='18002', book_id='8') # db.session.add(card1) # db.session.add(card2) # db.session.commit() book_query = Book.query.filter(Book.id == 9).first() lib_card_query = book_query.cards for i in lib_card_query: print(i.card_id) @app.route('/') def index(): return 'index' # if __name__== '__main__': # app.run(debug=True)
注意:一个表(模型)的定义必须要定义一个主键,这个主键一般为id。在定义了Lib_card类后,申明了一个外键,并且在relationship方法中使用uselist=False来约束其关系。book_id =db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('book.id'))表示创建一个外键,类型要跟主表一样,通过db.ForeignKey("user.id")与主表绑定books =db.relationship('Book',backref=db.backref('cards');uselist=False)表示Book可以根据Lib_card中的借书证查找到book表中的信息,backref="cards"表示book表可以直接通过cards查找到该书下的借书证号码。
框架实例
建一个apps文件夹,添加一个admin包,admin包下创建三个py文件
#__init__.py #预加载模块内容 #其他地方调用的时候 可以直接from apps.admin import bp as admin_bp不用找到views from .views import bp
#forms.py from flask_wtf import FlaskForm from wtforms import * from wtforms.validators import * class NameForm(FlaskForm): username = StringField('用户名',validators=[DataRequired()]) password = PasswordField('密码',validators=[DataRequired()]) submit = SubmitField('提交')
#models.py from exts import db class User(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'jq_user' uid = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) username = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False, comment="用户名") password = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False,comment="密码") email = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False, unique=True, comment = "邮箱")
#views.py from flask import Blueprint, request, flash, render_template from apps.admin.forms import NameForm from apps.admin.models import User bp = Blueprint("admin",__name__) @bp.route("/admin",methods=['GET','POST']) def index(): form = NameForm() if request.method == 'POST': if form.validate_on_submit(): username = request.form.get('username') password = request.form.get('password') result = User.query.filter(User.username==username).first() if result and password == result.password: flash('登录成功') else: return render_template('login.html', form=form, errormsg="登陆失败") return render_template('login.html', form=form)
建一个文件夹templates,专门放login.html文件,通过render_template调用
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <h1>用户注册登录</h1> <form method="post" action="/test/admin"> {{ form.csrf_token()}} {{ form.username.label }}{{ form.username}} {{ form.password.label }}{{ form.password}} {{ form.submit }}{{errormsg}} {% for message in get_flashed_messages() %} {{ message }} {% endfor %} </form> </head> <body> </body> </html>
建一个app.py
from flask import Flask from apps.admin import bp as admin_bp from exts import db from apps.common import bp as common_bp from apps.front import bp as front_bp from apps.admin.models import User from apps.common.models import Book def create_app(): app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = '123321' #注册蓝图,注册时候可以设置前缀 app.register_blueprint(admin_bp,url_prefix="/test") app.register_blueprint(common_bp) app.register_blueprint(front_bp) app.config.from_object('config') # db.app = app db.init_app(app) return app if __name__ == '__main__': app = create_app() with app.app_context(): db.create_all() app.run(host="127.0.0.1",port=1314,debug=True)
建一个config.py
DEBUG=True USERNAME= 'root' #设置登录账号 PASSWORD= '930103' #设置登录密码 HOST= '127.0.0.1' #设置主机地址 PORT= '3306' #设置端口号 DATABASE= 'demo1' #设置访问的数据库 SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI= f'mysql+pymysql://{USERNAME}:{PASSWORD}@{HOST}:{PORT}/{DATABASE}'#创建数据库连接示例 #动态追踪修改设置,如未设置只会提示警告 SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False #查询时会显示原始SQL语句 SQLALCHEMY_ECHO= True
建一个exts.py
#encoding:utf-8 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy db=SQLAlchemy()